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Reference & Revision

 

436. Reference to High Court

  1. When a Court has doubts about the validity of a law
    If a court believes that a case involves a question about the validity of a law, ordinance, regulation, or a specific provision, and the court thinks that it is invalid or ineffective, but the High Court or Supreme Court hasn't already declared it invalid, the court must refer the case to the High Court. The court must explain its opinion and reasons when making the reference.
    Explanation: A “Regulation” refers to any regulation defined under the General Clauses Act, 1897.

  2. Court of Session can also refer questions of law
    A Court of Session may, in any case it is handling (that doesn’t fall under section 1), refer any legal question to the High Court for clarification.

  3. What the Court can do while waiting for High Court's decision
    While waiting for the High Court’s decision, the court referring the case can either send the accused to jail or release them on bail.

437. Disposal of Case According to High Court’s Decision

  1. High Court’s role in handling references
    Once the High Court receives the reference, it will make an appropriate order and send a copy of that order back to the court that made the reference. The lower court must then follow the High Court’s decision in handling the case.

  2. High Court’s direction on who pays for the reference
    The High Court can also decide who should pay for the costs of the reference.

438. Calling for Records to Check Decisions

  1. High Court or Sessions Judge can examine lower court records
    The High Court or a Sessions Judge can review the records of any lower criminal court within their jurisdiction to check if the decisions, sentences, or orders made are correct, legal, and properly followed. They can suspend the execution of any sentence or order and, if the accused is in jail, release them on bail while the records are examined.
    Explanation: All magistrates, whether executive or judicial, are considered inferior to the Sessions Judge for this purpose.

  2. Revision cannot be used for interim orders
    The revision powers can’t be used for temporary or ongoing orders in appeals, inquiries, trials, or other processes.

  3. One application only
    If a person has already filed an application for revision with the High Court or Sessions Judge, they cannot file another application with the other court.

439. Power to Order an Inquiry

If the High Court or a Sessions Judge finds it necessary to review any case, they can ask the Chief Judicial Magistrate to conduct further inquiries into any dismissed complaint or a case where a person was discharged.
Note: The person discharged must be given a chance to show why further inquiry shouldn’t happen.

440. Sessions Judge’s Powers of Revision

  1. Powers when a record is called for
    When a Sessions Judge calls for a record of a case, they can use the same powers as the High Court in reviewing the case.

  2. Application of High Court provisions to Sessions Judge
    When a revision is filed with a Sessions Judge, the High Court’s rules for revision (sections 442(2), (3), (4), and (5)) apply, with references to the High Court being understood as the Sessions Judge.

  3. Final decision by Sessions Judge
    Once a revision decision is made by the Sessions Judge, it is final, and no further revision will be allowed by the High Court or any other court.

441. Power of Additional Sessions Judge

An Additional Sessions Judge has the same powers as a Sessions Judge when handling cases assigned to them by the Sessions Judge.

442. High Court’s Powers of Revision

  1. High Court can review any case within its knowledge
    The High Court can, at its discretion, exercise powers similar to those of an appellate court when reviewing cases. If the judges disagree, they will follow the process in Section 433.

  2. Accused must be heard before any negative decision
    No decision can be made against the accused without giving them a chance to be heard, either personally or by their lawyer.

  3. High Court cannot change an acquittal to a conviction
    The High Court cannot convert a decision of acquittal into a conviction during the revision process.

  4. No revision if an appeal could have been made
    If an appeal could have been made but was not, no revision application will be entertained.

  5. Revision treated as an appeal if needed
    If a revision is filed under the wrong belief that no appeal could be made, and if necessary for justice, the High Court may treat the revision as an appeal.

443. High Court’s Power to Withdraw or Transfer Revision Cases

  1. Deciding which court should handle revisions
    If multiple people convicted in the same trial file for revision, the High Court will decide which court should handle the revision cases, considering convenience and the importance of the legal questions. If the High Court decides to handle the cases, it will transfer any revision cases from the Sessions Judge to itself.

  2. Handling transferred revisions
    When a revision case is transferred to the High Court, it will be treated as if it was initially filed there.

  3. Handling revisions transferred to Sessions Judge
    When a revision case is transferred to the Sessions Judge, it will be treated as if it was initially filed there.

  4. No further revisions after transfer
    Once the Sessions Judge disposes of the revision, no further revision can be filed with the High Court or any other court.

444. Option of Court to Hear Parties

Unless otherwise specified, parties do not have an automatic right to be heard before any court when a revision is being considered. However, the court may choose to hear the parties if it deems fit.

445. High Court’s Order to Be Certified to Lower Court

After a revision by the High Court or a Sessions Judge, the decision or order must be sent to the lower court. The lower court must then make any necessary changes to the case according to the revised decision.

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